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<blockquote data-quote="Hawkman" data-source="post: 445576" data-attributes="member: 23715"><p><strong>THE MONTY HALL PROBLEM </strong></p><p></p><p></p><p>The <strong>Monty Hall problem</strong> is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_teaser" target="_blank">brain teaser</a>, in the form of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability" target="_blank">probability</a> puzzle, based nominally on the American television game show <em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Make_a_Deal" target="_blank">Let's Make a Deal</a></em> and named after its original host, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Hall" target="_blank">Monty Hall</a>. The problem was originally posed in a letter by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Selvin" target="_blank">Steve Selvin</a> to the <em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Statistician" target="_blank">American Statistician</a></em> in 1975. It became famous as a question from reader Craig F. Whitaker's letter quoted in (and solved by) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_vos_Savant" target="_blank">Marilyn vos Savant</a>'s "Ask Marilyn" column in <em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parade_(magazine)" target="_blank">Parade</a></em> magazine in 1990:</p><p></p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monty_open_door.svg" target="_blank"><img src="https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Monty_open_door.svg/250px-Monty_open_door.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></a>In search of a new car, the player chooses a door, say <em>1</em>. The game host then opens one of the other doors, say <em>3</em>, to reveal a goat and offers to let the player switch from door <em>1</em> to door <em>2</em>.</p><p></p><p>Savant's response was that the contestant should switch to the other door. By the standard assumptions, the switching strategy has a 2/3 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability" target="_blank">probability</a> of winning the car, while the strategy of keeping the initial choice has only a 1/3 probability.</p><p></p><p>When the player first makes their choice, there is a 2/3 chance that the car is behind one of the doors not chosen. This probability does not change after the host reveals a goat behind one of the unchosen doors. When the host provides information about the two unchosen doors (revealing that one of them does not have the car behind it), the 2/3 chance of the car being behind one of the unchosen doors rests on the unchosen and unrevealed door, as opposed to the 1/3 chance of the car being behind the door the contestant chose initially.</p><p>The given probabilities depend on specific assumptions about how the host and contestant choose their doors. An important insight is that, with these standard conditions, there is more information about doors 2 and 3 than was available at the beginning of the game when door 1 was chosen by the player: the host's action adds value to the door not eliminated, but not to the one chosen by the contestant originally. Another insight is that switching doors is a different action from choosing between the two remaining doors at random, as the former action uses the previous information and the latter does not. Other possible behaviors of the host than the one described can reveal different additional information, or none at all, leading to different probabilities. In her response, Savant states:</p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p>Many readers of Savant's column refused to believe switching is beneficial and rejected her explanation. After the problem appeared in <em>Parade</em>, approximately 10,000 readers, including nearly 1,000 with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" target="_blank">PhDs</a>, wrote to the magazine, most of them calling Savant wrong. Even when given explanations, simulations, and formal mathematical proofs, many people still did not accept that switching is the best strategy. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Erd%C5%91s" target="_blank">Paul Erdős</a>, one of the most prolific mathematicians in history, remained unconvinced until he was shown a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_simulation" target="_blank">computer simulation</a> demonstrating Savant's predicted result.</p><p></p><p>The problem is a paradox of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradox#Quine%27s_classification" target="_blank">veridical</a> type, because the solution is so counterintuitive it can seem absurd but is nevertheless demonstrably true.</p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="Hawkman, post: 445576, member: 23715"] [B]THE MONTY HALL PROBLEM [/B] The [B]Monty Hall problem[/B] is a [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_teaser']brain teaser[/URL], in the form of a [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability']probability[/URL] puzzle, based nominally on the American television game show [I][URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Make_a_Deal']Let's Make a Deal[/URL][/I] and named after its original host, [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Hall']Monty Hall[/URL]. The problem was originally posed in a letter by [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Selvin']Steve Selvin[/URL] to the [I][URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Statistician']American Statistician[/URL][/I] in 1975. It became famous as a question from reader Craig F. Whitaker's letter quoted in (and solved by) [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_vos_Savant']Marilyn vos Savant[/URL]'s "Ask Marilyn" column in [I][URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parade_(magazine)']Parade[/URL][/I] magazine in 1990: [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monty_open_door.svg'][IMG]https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Monty_open_door.svg/250px-Monty_open_door.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail[/IMG][/URL]In search of a new car, the player chooses a door, say [I]1[/I]. The game host then opens one of the other doors, say [I]3[/I], to reveal a goat and offers to let the player switch from door [I]1[/I] to door [I]2[/I]. Savant's response was that the contestant should switch to the other door. By the standard assumptions, the switching strategy has a 2/3 [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability']probability[/URL] of winning the car, while the strategy of keeping the initial choice has only a 1/3 probability. When the player first makes their choice, there is a 2/3 chance that the car is behind one of the doors not chosen. This probability does not change after the host reveals a goat behind one of the unchosen doors. When the host provides information about the two unchosen doors (revealing that one of them does not have the car behind it), the 2/3 chance of the car being behind one of the unchosen doors rests on the unchosen and unrevealed door, as opposed to the 1/3 chance of the car being behind the door the contestant chose initially. The given probabilities depend on specific assumptions about how the host and contestant choose their doors. An important insight is that, with these standard conditions, there is more information about doors 2 and 3 than was available at the beginning of the game when door 1 was chosen by the player: the host's action adds value to the door not eliminated, but not to the one chosen by the contestant originally. Another insight is that switching doors is a different action from choosing between the two remaining doors at random, as the former action uses the previous information and the latter does not. Other possible behaviors of the host than the one described can reveal different additional information, or none at all, leading to different probabilities. In her response, Savant states: Many readers of Savant's column refused to believe switching is beneficial and rejected her explanation. After the problem appeared in [I]Parade[/I], approximately 10,000 readers, including nearly 1,000 with [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy']PhDs[/URL], wrote to the magazine, most of them calling Savant wrong. Even when given explanations, simulations, and formal mathematical proofs, many people still did not accept that switching is the best strategy. [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Erd%C5%91s']Paul Erdős[/URL], one of the most prolific mathematicians in history, remained unconvinced until he was shown a [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_simulation']computer simulation[/URL] demonstrating Savant's predicted result. The problem is a paradox of the [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradox#Quine%27s_classification']veridical[/URL] type, because the solution is so counterintuitive it can seem absurd but is nevertheless demonstrably true. [/QUOTE]
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